eveojal

• Communication that flows to a higher level in an organization is called upward communication. • It provides feedback on how well the organization is functioning. • The subordinates use upward communication to convey their problems and performances to their superiors. • The subordinates also use upward communication to tell how well they have understood the downward communication. • It can also be used by the employees to share their views and ideas and to participate in the decision-making process. By Eve, FIMS University of Nairobi

Bonds are commonly referred to as fixed income securities and are one of three  classes individual investors are usually familiar with, along with stocks and cash equivalents. Many corporate and government bonds are publicly traded; others are traded only over-the-counter or privately between the borrower and lender. When companies or other entities need to raise money to finance new projects, maintain ongoing operations, or refinance existing debts, they may issue bonds directly to investors. The borrower (issuer) issues a bond that includes the terms of the loan, interest payments that will be made, and the time at which the loaned funds (bond principal) must be paid back ( maturity date ). The interest payment (the coupon) is part of the return that bondholders earn for loaning their funds to the issuer. The interest rate that determines the payment is called the  coupon rate . The initial price of most bonds is typically set at  par , usually...